Behavioral Assignment

For instance if the organization is performing honorably, your installments won't increment, yet on the off chance that you contrast this circumstance And a value financial specialist, the market will join to the stock value these outcomes and your remover will be higher. Then again if the organization Starts having a few issues and can't accomplish its objectives, your installments will remain the same.This circumstance possibly changes when the default hazard increments, and this dosages â€Å"t occur in an extremely brisk range of time For the situation of value, the extension for difference is bigger and increasingly touchy, on the grounds that the adjustments are questionable and rely upon the convictions of the key estimation of the organization. It very well may be additionally observed underneath that value settlements are straight concerning financial specialist convictions corresponding to basic resource esteem; in any case, obligation up-side adjustments are fixed at some consistent rate, ND are subsequently non-direct (I. E. Curved) in the financial specialist convictions about the key value.Source: Hong and Serer 2011 b) Safe obligation has less default chance than hazardous obligation, which implies that its settlements are progressively ensured and the result chart has an increasingly inward shape. The more secure a benefit is, the less touchy the financial specialists are to the convictions about basics. The upside is here progressively limited and is less touchy to difference. At the point when a security is increasingly dangerous there is a more noteworthy likelihood for default and the speculators are progressively touchy to the adjustments in the key estimation of the organization. Convictions begin impacting the benefit valuation.In the accompanying equation we can see that if the default likelihood is exceptionally low, the protected obligation result will likewise be lower and less touchy to contradictions. C) When good faith builds fina ncial specialists begin considering obligation to be as a hazard free resource that has less upside with decreased resale alternative. Rising hopefulness prompts bigger misprinting. In this situation the idealistic financial specialists will keep on purchasing the bonds from the critical speculators, so there will be progressively hopeful financial specialists holding the advantage and the contradiction among the speculators will be owe, and lead to a lower value volatility.The bond will likewise have less turnover. The skeptical financial specialists won t become hopeful, they simply need to sell their bond. The model proposed by Hong and Serer(2013) considers a two-date exchanging model with dates t - ?O, 1, N dangerous resources and the hazard free rate as r. The profit conveyed by the hazardous resource at time t=l is given by the condition: , where speaks to the income beta of advantage I, and is the condition of the full scale economy.There are two gatherings of financial spec ialists: 1) The confident people (bunch A), who accept that the economy will be better in t=l - b EAI[z = +h 2) The sometimes(group B), who accept that the economy will be more terrible †3) So the normal contrast among positive thinkers and doubters is given by: EAI[z] †BE[z] = When is little (I. E. Low full scale difference) , the balance cost will depend both on the self assured people and doubters valuation, approaching However, when X is huge (high contradiction about future macroeconomic conditions), the interest of worry warts (given by ) is low to such an extent that it will hit short deal constraints.Thus, the harmony cost will be resolved distinctly by confident people's valuation, since the worriers will be sidelined from the market: . This harmony cost is higher than the unconstrained value, which implies that the stock N will be over-estimated, because of high macroeconomic contradiction about key elements, when contrasted with the customary CAMP model expectat ion. As anticipated by the profit condition: , the higher the beta of the stock, the higher the impact of the difference about its future incomes will be.Thus, short-deal limitations will happen with higher likelihood for high-beta, high hazard stocks. Short-deals requirements may be official for certain speculators because of institutional reasons. A model are shared assets, which are disallowed to worth stocks straightforwardly by certain administration demonstrations and guidelines. As per the contentions above, misprinting is increasingly articulated for high-beta stocks or for times of higher contradiction. In this manner, stocks from higher beta parts, for example, innovation, customer retail, car, development are bound to encounter overpricing and bubbles.Higher difference happens either now and again, when showcase hopefulness wins - ? nonstop positively trending markets, joined with expansionary money related approach for delayed period, or when advertise cynicism wins â₠¬ emergency times, depicted by high unpredictability ND alarm sell-offs, making stocks be underestimated. Air pockets are regularly difficult to distinguish and determine, yet will in general structure frequently when certain industry parts are encountering a mechanical upset. Air pockets, crashes and money related emergency have been a rehashing event for long (e. G. He South Sea Bubble, waterways and railways in the 1 backtalk, the Internet in the backtalk) (Predetermine and McKee, 2012). An innovative insurgency in an industry causes a blast in resource costs; be that as it may, as the force of the air pocket expands, the ascent in costs can't be defended any longer by basics as individuals keep on making ever-rising valuations. It is hard to recognize an advantage's actual key worth, and this is particularly valid for new advances that have may appear as the following enormous thing, however have dubious since quite a while ago run prospects.Similarly, minister and Versions (200 8) contend that rises in stock costs can happen after innovative insurgencies if the profitability of the innovation to be actualized is obscure and liable to learning. This influences both the level and instability of stock costs. Fundamentally, stock costs of inventive firms at first ascent because of idealism and DOD news about the profitability of the firm because of the mechanical advancement, yet in the end fall as the innovation chance modifies from influencing just the firm to being efficient (Pastor and Versions, 2008).The air pockets must be watched reflectively, and are most incredibly intensified in upheavals than include high vulnerability and quick reception. For instance the extension of the two railways in the backtalk and web framework in the 1 backtalk was portrayed by exaggeration that at last discouraged costs on a total level as extra activities had negative returns due to industrialization.Also, on account of the web bubble, speculators were attracted in to con tribute by promising organizations, for example, Amazon and America Online, yet later organizations had regularly no clue about how to be economically suitable and basically were riding the air pocket (Dominant, 2014). Air pockets may subsequently be enhanced by hypothesis and the possibility that people watch and embrace the conduct of others (Levine and Jack, 2007). Particularly on account of the web bubble hopeful people will in general push up the benefit cost, while progressively skeptical speculators can't balance this because of short-deal imperatives (Predetermine and McKee, 2012).Thus genealogical upset will in general lead to ventures with starting benefits, and prompts overoptimistic inclinations for the entire business. As costs surpass essentials and new contestants/ventures go bad, the air pocket in the long run crumples. For the situation where there is just one portion of the benefit accessible and there is one self assured person and one worrier in the market, the w orry wart will offer the advantage for the positive thinker at a cost higher than the mean assessment of the two investors.Here the single idealistic purchaser can retain the whole gracefully of one offer. The normal cost is 75, hence the exchanged cost will be in the range 75. The exchanged value rises when there are two homogeneous gatherings Of speculators, I. E. When there are progressively hopeful dealers in the market. They will offer up the cost until it arrives at the valuation of the self assured people, I. E. 100. This will be the exchanged cost. In this way, as per Miller (1977) without short selling the cost of the benefit is expanded if there is a difference of opinion.In such a market the interest for the advantage will originate from the brokers who have the most hopeful desires for its worth. The most hopeful financial specialist will in general win the offering and their assessment of the benefit winds up being its real cost. This can be likewise found in the outlin e underneath. Gracefully is inelastic at N, so the cost is higher than the harmony rate. Just hopeful dealers will exchange at the costs where the interest bend meets the inelastic gracefully curve.Also, as found in the outline, various financial specialists have distinctive interest bends; the most idealistic one will have the most elevated valuation. (Source: Miller, 1977) Due to the coupling short selling imperative, less hopeful brokers who might want to short a benefit can't do as such. Along these lines this is important for self assured people to have the option to set costs. Likewise volume is essential. The more positive thinkers there are will mean that the advantage's cost will be offered up to the valuation of self assured people. This is particularly obvious when the advantage is scant (e. . Just one or a couple of exist), as for this situation there will be adequate interest by the self assured people (who might be a minority in the market) offer up and set the costs. The cost of a security is higher the more noteworthy the uniqueness of sentiment about the arrival from the security (Miller 1977). So we can say that if there is a major uniqueness of assessment in the market, the cost will be much higher on the grounds that the cost just mirrors the idealistic financial specialists, and this additionally makes greater unpredictability and more hazard the stock. Since the yearly rebate rate is a variable, and the chance to development T is a steady, we can apply the standard: Then the normal worth that the confident person appends to the security is given by: , 51 once The normal estimation Of the worry wart is given by: b) The distinction of the characteristic logarithms of their connected qualities is: In According to the outcome, there is a constructive relationship between's the security development T and the degree of the difference between the financial specialists, so the more drawn out the security development T, the higher the contradictio n between the hopeful person and the

Quaility management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quaility the board - Essay Example Along these lines, complete quality administration is a client driven procedure (Rawlins, 2008, p. 37). This paper looks to examine the help accessible to associations trying to improve quality. Complete quality administration is intended to concentrate on clients and non-clients. It is compulsory for the association to guarantee their significant choices are centered around the client. Besides, an association will undoubtedly complete an examination on client discernment about its administration to know about its quality and shortcoming so as to impact suitable enhancements. Moreover, having a comprehension of non-clients will assist an association with having a knowledge on the modalities utilized by the contenders. Besides, an association ought to guarantee that it keeps up constant improvement. A decent association will have an assistance examine program that supervisors will consistently counsel when deciding. Administration quality data will help with recognizing any significant deficiency liable to happen and a quick move will be made (Oakland, 2003, p. 230-233). In addition, employee’s inclusion is fundamental for appropriate absolute quality administration accomplishment. Worker look into is much the same as client inquire about. Worker can be utilized to audit the nature of nay administration before it is discharged to the buyer as what happen inside to an association influences the administration offered to the client. Workers are additionally mindful of the issues and difficulties that influence the nature of any help offered by a specific association. Furthermore, guaranteeing cooperation between representatives will go about as a benchmark for quality help conveyance. Laborers will be inspired to serve at their level best and will have the option to acknowledge quality analysis. Group association may likewise go about as a wellspring of inspiration to appropriate help conveyance. Besides, open conversation in an association ought to be energized and worker

College Life Essay Samples - How to Find Them

College Life Essay Samples - How to Find ThemThe purpose of college life essay samples is to help students write their college essays in a specific style and manner. By taking a look at the sample materials students will be better prepared to write their college papers. They can be used for all grade levels of academic achievement.Short essays with strong focus on a single idea presentation. They need to be clear, to the point, concise, easy to understand and long enough to answer the student's question. By using these samples students will be able to write an essay that is well structured and quite readable. These samples are also great for students who are writing a portfolio essay.College life essay samples come in many different styles. Students should pick one to use based on the type of student they are. Some styles will be more suitable for an honors or a B-average student, while others will be better suited for those with a B average. By comparing these samples with the examp les in the different examples, students can easily determine what type of essay is best for them. This allows them to choose the style that they are most comfortable with.College life essay samples offer an array of styles. It is important to choose one that fits the needs of the student. The goal is to provide the student with a variety of styles so that they can choose the one that is right for them. If they find a style that is too rigid or monotonous, they can change it up to achieve a more personal, even humorous approach to their writing.Writing an essay can be daunting to some students. With these samples, they will have the ability to write in a manner that is very effective and enjoyable. It will take some research to find the one that fits their needs. This way they will not have to keep searching for the right essay when they are having a bad day.College life essay samples are not just written for the essay itself. They are also written as a final project for students tha t want to work on getting their grades up. This will make it easier for students to understand how important their grades are to them. When they see the results, they will be encouraged to get their grades up for it will give them the feeling that they can do anything if they put their mind to it.Writing a college essay can be very challenging for some students. By reading these samples, they will gain insight into what works for them. They will know which styles they are comfortable with and which ones will work well for them. This is valuable information for students that need to improve their writing skills.College life essay samples can be purchased for a wide range of prices. Students should decide what type of essay they want to write based on their time budget and what the material is made of. They can purchase a sample and write it in their own style. The choice is up to the student but it will save them money by allowing them to use a style that is suitable for them.

John F. Kennedy s Civil Rights Address - 1032 Words

John F. Kennedy was the 35th president of the United States. He was in office from January 20, 1 to November 22, 1963. When he was assassinated. He fought for protecting the rights of all who wish to be free. Kennedy gave a speech called â€Å"Civil Rights Address† in June of 1963. He Spoke about dealing with equal opportunity and inequality in the United states calling it a moral crisis. Kennedy states, â€Å"I am, therefore, asking the Congress to enact legislation giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public -- hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar establishments. This seems to me to be an elementary right. Its denial is an arbitrary indignity that no American in 1963 should have to†¦show more content†¦Dyson proves his point while comparing an African American by the name of Jeremiah Wright to a few of past presidents. In the chapter Re-Founding Father in â€Å"The Black Presidency†, Dyson recal ls a political fundraiser for Barak Obama hosted by Oprah Winfrey during his run for president. He states that a lot of celebrities were in attendance such as Stevie Wonder, Sidney Poitier and Chris Rock. He remembers everyone being social amongst each other. Dyson, Obama and Rock engaged in a conversation. Chris rock compared Obamas campaign to a heavyweight fight between Larry Holmes and Gerry Cooney (119). Holmes was black and Cooney was white. The moral of Rock’s story was that Holmes had beat Cooney so bad that they had to stop the fight. If it wasn’t for the knockout Cooney would have won from the score cards because he was white. Chris rock used the fight as a metaphor for â€Å"the black experience†. Dyson states, â€Å"By then Obama and I were nodding our heads in agreement. We knew the odds were often stacked against blacks in the competition to get a decent shot at a job or a seat in school† (119). Dyson Obama and Rock knew as African American men they had to fight for equal opportunity. Dyson Believes that inequality of African Americans in this country is important, yet unfair. In the article â€Å"The Scold of Black Folk† Dysons makes good claims that inequality in thisShow MoreRelatedThe John F. Kennedy s Speech On Civil Rights Movement Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesThe John F. Kennedy is 35th President of the United States was June 11, 1963 in work for Americans. On the country is White House in Oval Office from Washington, D.C. for history his Civil Rights Address. Kennedy wants to be announced and start a speech on civil rights Movement will explain about people in African American. The speech is history to tell of equality for African American with people in live were civil rights. We can show on notification for speak a television and some radio becauseRead MoreImpact Of John F Kennedy On The Civil Rights Act Of 19641080 Words   |  5 PagesJohn F. Kennedy had a major influence on the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Prior to the act, segregation in the United States was still strongly supported, but civil rights groups continued to fight against racism. After the election of 1960, John F. Kennedy continually supported the civil rights movement and he created a Civil Rights Act to fight for equal rights. After his assassination in 1963, the Civil Rights Act act was passed. Segregation in the United States was very present priorRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy1746 Words   |  7 Pagesof the executive office itself. President John F Kennedy was masterful at this skill and the words he spoke and the dreams he invited us to share are as powerful today as they ever were. Our cultural memory of John F. Kennedy was shaped within a very narrow time frame. Kennedy, born in 1917, was only forty-six years old, when he was assassinated. 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President Kennedy had been shot in the back and head. The president was then rushed to the nearest hospital, four miles away. John F. Kennedy was pronounced dead at 1.30pm, just an hour after the assassination at 46 years of age. He died of a wound in the brain caused by one of the bullets. Vice President Lyndon Johnson, who

Burry my Heart at Wounded Knee - 1211 Words

Burry My Heart At Wounded Knee by Dee Brown Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee is a historical narrative of the atrocities that Native Americans were forced to endure during the nineteenth century, primarily focusing on western tribes. This will be an in depth book report/ summary on what went on in this book, the primary focus, and the minor details. The strengths and weaknesses will also be stressed in this report along with an extensive analysis and evaluation. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee provides the reader with a perspective oh American History that many do not like to give attention to or accept. However unfortunate, acknowledgment must take place and be elucidated, the Indians courage and determination shall not be in vain and this book by Dee Brown expresses just how motivated the Native Americans were. Because this book is not fiction it is structured different than most â€Å"storyline† books, this report will follow that structure for clarity and efficiency. Brown was very detailed and thorough in his introduc tion and he emphasized each and every major Native American tribe of the time and gave a history of each. This report will cover the main casualties that each of the tribes faced with detail because of Browns use of â€Å"first-person statements by Indians and the records of treaty councils and other formal meetings with civilian and military representatives of the United States government.† Brown starts with the beginning, Christopher Columbus’ voyage to

Health Care System Positioning and Differentiation

Health Care System Positioning and Differentiation HCS 539 Health Care System Positioning and Differentiation A well planned marketing and branding tactic will offer a course of action for the maturity of an effective marketing campaign. A hospital’s marketing and branding strategies are key components of consideration in the development of all encompassing marketing plan. Mercy Health Systems and Crozer-Keystone Health Systems have both successfully marketed themselves in the community as outstanding health care providers. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the different strategies used by Mercy Health Systems’ and Crozer-Keystone Health Systems’ to actively market their organizations. A well planned marketing approach†¦show more content†¦The additional visions that each establishment focuses on is the key focus for each organizations differentiation strategy. Branding a product or service requires a formation of something about the product or service that is exclusive in the market (Hyatt, 2001). Consumers must recognize the product as having advanta geous features not provided by the competitors (Hyatt, 2001). Mercy Health Services branding technique is focused on the organization’s being â€Å"motivated by faith in a merciful God, works to actualize that faith† (Mercy Health Systems, 2010, p. 5). This focus on a religious aspect sets Mercy Health Systems apart from Crozer-Keystone Health Systems and gives Mercy Health Systems a branding strategy that sets them apart from many other organizations. Mercy Health Systems not only promotes healing in the physical and emotional since. Mercy Health Systems also endorses a spiritual healing. On the Mercy Health Systems it states that a greater family unity is encouraged along with helping patients and family members to accept the patients’ medical condition while providing kindhearted support (Mercy Health Systems, 2010). Mercy Health Systems branding strategy seems to have a direct focus on the spiritual wellbeing of it patients and their loved ones. Mercy Health Systems mission is â€Å"Healing in the broadest sense† (Mercy Health Systems, 2010, p. 2). Crozer-Keystone Health Systems’ focusShow MoreRelatedPositioning and Differentation1628 Words   |  7 PagesPositioning and Differentiation Paper For Referencing Only- Do Not Copy Positioning and Differentiation Paper The positioning and differentiation strategies of two nearby hospitals, St. Francis Hospital located in Roslyn, New York and the Schneider Children’s Hospital in New Hyde Park, New York will be discussed in this article. 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Prose Fiction in the English Classroom free essay sample

We will: think about text selection. think holistically about what a fiction unit might cover. understand some generic elements of prose fiction as a form and how they might be taught. learn how to develop 3 level guides as prompts for close reading. Lets begin by discussing the novels we might use with a senior English class. In most departments, teachers are free to choose texts for study with their class (departmental resources will limit the scope of your choice). It is important that you develop an idea of what you think is suitable for a senior class. Think back to your own experiences with prose fiction study and to texts you have enjoyed reading independently. Are there any you would consider appropriate for study with a year 11, 12 or 13 class? Why? Activity 1:1:1: Discussion Forum Texts for study Narrative study an overview The study of narrative is the study of how stories are told. When we study prose fiction, we are looking in detail at the choices that the author has made and how those choices combine to create a particular piece of writing. It is important to convey to your students the idea that nothing happens by accident; everything contained in the novel /short story is a product of the authors choices. These choices are made purposefully for a particular effect and to elicit a particular response in the reader. In order to help students understand this, we need to focus our study on the selection and organisation of material in the text. The following outline provides a useful overview of the headings we might include in a novel study structured around the selction and organistaion of material in a text. Read through the outline carefully. NarrativeNarrative is how a story is told. The how of story-telling involves techniques and conventions characteristic of narrative genres, e. g. narratives, anecdotes, news stories, parables. How involves: A) SELECTION(i) Vantage Point:1. Who tells the story. (Narrator) 2. Scope of the access. (Limited/omniscient) 3 Perspective in time (Removed/retrospective, immediate tense) (ii) Content:1. What are the significant settings? 2. Who are the significant characters? 3. What are the significant events and actions? B) ORGANISATION(i) The basis for sequence (plot) ii) The basis for juxtaposition. | Using this as our guide, lets look at how we might approach each aspect with a senior English class. In particular, we will discuss the activities, explanations and questions that might be of use. First though, we need a short story to read as an example for discussion. Read through the story A Piece of Yellow Soap by Frank Sargeson. Pre-reading At the very beginning of a prose fiction unit, it is common for a teacher to ask students to engage in an introductory activity. These activities are designed to draw students into the study of a text they have not yet read. A pre-reading activity might address itself to the theme of a piece of fiction, or be concerned with some aspect of style or form. Design a pre-reading activity you might use with a class studying A Piece of Yellow Soap, then add your ideas to the discussion below. Activity 1:1:2: Discussion Forum Pre-reading Point of View Once the pre-reading is complete and the students have read the text (hopefully), it is time to look in detail at various aspects of the text. It is not unusual for teachers to begin discussions on a novel/short story with a close look at the vantage point or point of view chosen by the writer. In my experience, students tend to struggle a little with point of view and the idea of a narrator, so it is important to have a clear explanation up your sleeve. Think about how you would describe the concept of point of view to a senior English class. And, just as a wee extra challenge, think about how you might make a connection between point of view and irony. Once you have pondered this, click on the link below to add your explanations. Activity 1:1:3: Discussion Forum Point of view Ok. Lets look at some resources that might help you. The art of the short story (page 22 of your readings) is a chapter taken from Close-Up on Literary text (Locke,2001) In the point of view section, the author asks readers to look closely at the narrator first. Read through the following excerpt and answer the 5 questions with reference to A piece of yellow soap. This introduction and these questions help students first to discover who the narrator of the story is, before they begin looking at the narrators influence on the story. They may still need to clarify the difference between the narrator and the author of the text. The next set of questions from The art of the short story helps them to do this. Once again, work through the questions with reference to A piece of yellow soap. The narrator of a story should not be confused with the writer. The writer of this story is Frank Sargeson. 6 On the basis of this story alone, which of the above questions can you answer if you substitute the word writer for the word narrator? 7 How would you go about finding answers to the questions that can’t be answered on the basis of information found in the story? 8 How might knowledge about Frank Sargeson contribute to your reading of this story? Once students have a firm understanding of the narrator and have it clearly differentiated from the author. It is time to begin looking more broadly at point of view. This invloves asking students to look at the perspective from which the story is being told. Work through the following explanation and questions reflecting as you do on the extent to which they help you develop a better understanding of the point of view. If you think of a story as providing a particular window onto the world a particular angle of vision then you are reflecting on the important notion of point of view. Point of view answers the question, Through whose eyes or from what vantage point am I viewing the action that is being presented in this story. (A useful analogy here is to imagine a movie camera and to think about how its location affects what we see when we are watching a movie. )9 From whose perspective is this story being told? 10 How much time has elapsed between the story being told and the telling itself? 11 How limited is the narrative point of view? To answer this question, try identifying the sorts of information that the narrator cannot access. 2 How involved is the narrator in the story? Is he quite central to the action or is he quite peripheral (like a witness to a motor accident)? [Language Tool Kit:Narrator: The voice one can identify as telling a story. Point of view: The perspective from which the events of a story are presented. Chronological time: The order followed by events as they actually happened. Psychological time: The order of events as they are recalled or reconstructed in a persons mind. ]Finally, we can distinguish between first-person and third-person narrators. A Piece of Yellow Soap is a an example of a first-person narrative, told from the point of view of a character who has quite a degree of involvement in the story being told. 13 Identify the pronouns in the first paragraph of this story which tell you whether this is a first-person or third-person narrative. | These explanantions and questions should prove useful in guiding students to a clear understanding of a narrator and his/her influence on the text. Time When we look at the ways in which the author has chosen to orientate the story, it is important to examine the authors treatment of time. When we do this, we are asking studnets to look at whether the narrators perspective is immediate (present tense), retrospective (past tense) or a mixture (see The art of the short story p. 25 of your readings for a table of tenses if you need clarification), and at the ways in which time is manipulated to suit the purposes of the author. The following exercise (from The art of the short story) is designed to make students think about the relationship between time and story-telling. As you read through them jot down some answers Time Activity You cant tell a story without thinking about time. The following log exercise is designed to make you think about the relationship between time and story-telling. 1. Write down in chronological order the things you did after you work up this morning. (You dont have to go on for too long. ) 2. Underline the words you used to indicate the sequence in time of what you were recounting. (First, then, later are examples of such words. ) 3. From the flow of events that have occured since you woke up, choose and describe the most memorable. 4. Add to this description an account of what lead up to or caused this event to happen. Reflect on what these questions are guiding you towards. What have you learnt by doing this activity? Or, what would your students learn by doing this activity? Activity 1:1:4: Discussion Forum Time Look back at our overview. As you can see, we have had a close look now at the elements that come under the heading of Vantage Point. We are going to take a quick detour now to plot because it makes sense to get a good grip on this before moving on to the content (character, setting etc). Plot Teaching plot can be tricky, mainly because it sounds deceptively simple. The key to students coming to grips with it is having a clear defintion of plot and some narrative structure terms to work with. So, how would you define plot to a senior English class? What are some plot elements that you would consider helpful in helping students understand the way a particular narrative is structured? Activity 1:1:5: Discussion Forum Plot The following extract from The art of the short story offers some clear definitions of a number of plot elements that may be of use to you and your students. As you read through them, try to connect as many as possible with specific parts of the short story A Piece of Yellow Soap. There are a number of plot elements that can be used to shape or structure a narrative. The selection and arrangement of these plot elements have an enormous impact on the effect a story has on its readers. although A piece of Yellow Soap is a very short story, it contains a number of plot elements. i Exposition: Exposition is the provision of important background information so that a reader feels oriented to what is happening in a story. How effective is the opening paragraph of this story as an example of exposition? ii Predicament: A predicament is a difficult choice difficult because it involves a character in a choice between two undesirable options. 2 What is the narrators predicament as described in paragraph one? iii Conflict: Most plots involve conflict. Conflict occurs in a plot when a character or groups interests are opposed by another character or group. 3 Why is the narrator in conflict with the woman? 4 On the face of it, the woman is the milkmans antagonist. Find evidence in the story that the narrator also feels himself in conflict with:†¢ his firm;†¢ the way his societys economy is organised;†¢ certain peoples views about God. Conflict can also be internal. Internal conflict occurs when two parts of a character are in involved in a struggle with each other. 5 In what way might the narrator of this story be described as in conflict with himself? iv Rising action: The part of a story, often accompanied by tension and suspense, which leads up to a climax or some other defining moment. 6 In what way does paragraph two contain suspense? ) Climax: A climax is the highest point in a single action, the decisive moment towards which events appear to be heading . 7 Which paragraph (indeed which sentence), in your view, provides a climax for this story? vi) Denouement: This is a French word meaning unravelling. It refers to the process which follows a climax, where some kind of sense is made of the proceeding events. Sometimes the denouement involves a discovery or a disclosure. Sometimes, as in this case, it involves a moment of recognition a sudden growth in awareness or the realisation of some truth. In what sense, do the last two paragraphs of this story provide a recognition. 9 Is this recognition for the narrator, the reader (or both)? [Language Tool Kit:Exposition: The provision of essential background information early in the narration of a story. Predicament: A difficult choice between undesirable alternatives, often presented to a character early in a narrative. Conflict: A situation where the interests of characters or groups of characters are opposed. Antagonist: Usually, but not always, a character whose interests are opposed to those of the main character or group of characters in a story. Internal conflict: A situation where two parts of a single character are in conflict with each other. Rising action: The suspenseful part of a story leading up to its climax. Climax: The decisive moment in a story towards which events appear to be heading. Denouement: The process of unravelling or winding down that occurs in the aftermath of a storys climax. ]| Lets look, by way of example, at what we might do in the classroom to help students gain a better understanding of one of thesed terms: predicament. Once we have discussed the definition of predicament, we would need to help students pinpoint the predicament the narrator recounts in the short story. Having done this, it would be useful to engage students in a kind of role play activity to help them better understand the narrators predicament which is central to the story. This role play would be fun to do as a drama activity, using a voiced thoughts monologue. If this were impratical, it could also be done in the form of some expressive writing. Either way, the task itself might look something like this The milkmans predicament activity. Imagine you are the milkman and you are just about to go and visit the woman to ask her for money. What are you thining/worrying about? What thoughts are competing in your head? Try to use some quotes from the story and some of your own words. Activities such as this could (time permitting) be constructed for each plot element to help students develop a thorough understanding of the storys narrative structure. Character and characterisation Senior students seldom have any problems with the idea of character. By year 11, it is a term they are generally familiar with and comforatble using. Characterisation on the other hand is a different story. Understanding the term characterisation invloves students making the shift to seeing text as something that has been constructed by the author and that is constructed by the reader as he/she reads. This can be a difficult jump for some! So, how can we explain the difference between character and characterisation to senior English students? Keeping in mind that the term character refers to WHAT and the term characterisation refers to HOW, write some defiinitions that you might use with your students. Then, write some questions relating to A Piece of Yellow Soap that guide students to an understanding of characterisation. Activity 1:1:5: Discussion Forum Character and Characterisation For a clear definition, lets refer again to The art of the short story. Characterisation refers to the process whereby readers construct characters on the basis of evidence in the text provided by writers. This evidence can include:†¢ actions;†¢ thoughts, feelings and deliberations;†¢ descriptions (from a narrator or another character);†¢ dialogue| Setting Looking back to our overview of narrative study, the final remaining element under the heading of selection is setting. You may find students have a functioning albeit narrow understanding of the term setting as the place where the story happens. With a senior class, our task is generally to help them broaden this definition to include time and the cultural setting in which the text was composed and to help them to understand the ways in which setting is important in a prose fiction text. How would you explain to students what setting is and why it is important in a work of fiction? Design an activity that helps students understand the importance of setting in a piece of yellow soap. Activity 1:1:6: Discussion Forum Setting Style Style is a combination of the way a writer uses words, syntax and punctuation. In some books, the word texture is used to denote the characteristics of style a reader is aware of at any point in the narrative. As such it can be usefully contrasted with the term structure whicg refers to the organisation of the text as a whole. (Art of the Short Story). It would take far too long to look at all the possible terms and techniques that we might discuss under the heading of style. It might therefore, be more useful to discuss the particular features of style evident in A Piece of Yellow Soap, so that you can get a grip on how a style discussion might work ina classroom. Read through A piece of Yellow Soap once again, paying particular attention to its style. List some metalinguistic terms (terms used to describe language) you would use to describe the style of this short story. Select one sentence of the story that you believe would elicit an interesting discussion about style. Activity 1:1:7: Discussion Forum Style Theme The term theme is a problematic one. If we refer to the theme of a novel, then we imply that a theme is a central message put in by a writer who is deliberately concerned to raise an issue or communicate a lesson to the reader (The Art of the Short Story, p8. ) In the version of reading that this constructs, the reader is merely a passive recipient of the ideas in the story. How else might we look at the idea of theme (and reading in general)? How would you present the idea of theme to a senior English class? Activity 1:1:8: Discussion Forum Theme 3 level guides Just before we wind up this module, Id like to look at a type of resource that can be extremely useful when approaching close reading of a text with a class. The 3 level guide offers a set of questions which draw students into a close reading of a text. Students are asked to agree or disagree (providing textual evidence) with propositions grouped in three categories: Level 1: Reading for information Level 2: Reading to interpret Level 3: Reading critically Lets look at some examples from a 3 level guide written for Chapter 23 of the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J. D Salinger. Level 1: Holden has only a short converstaion on the phone with Mr Antolini. Level 2: Holden respects Antolini because he doesnt care about appearances. Level 3: Holden believes that natural ability is a stronger factor in what a person can do than education or training. Question 1 is straightforward. Students can go to the text and find a definitive answer. Level 1 questions involve facts that are direc tly stated in the text. Question 2 is more complex. It requires students to interpret a characters thoughts, words or actions in some way. They may need to refer to other parts of the text to do this. The level 3 question is still more complex. It requires students to apply a critical perspective to the text to examine the belief systems or prejudices at work in a characters actions. Sometimes, level 3 questions require students to examine their own beliefs and prejudices that are supported or challenged by the text. In your readings, you will find a copy of a short story commonly taught in year 11 English classes, The Outsider by Graeme Lay. Read through the first few pages of the short story. Once you have done so, come up with one questions for each level of a three level guide.